Genotype

Genotype refers to the complete genetic code of a cannabis plant—the heritable DNA that determines its potential traits, rather than the observable characteristics (phenotype) that result from gene expression. Understanding genotype is fundamental to cannabis breeding, as it allows cultivators to predict offspring traits, stability, and potential variability across generations. Genotype remains constant throughout a plant's life, while phenotype changes based on environment, nutrition, and growing conditions. Breeders working with cannabis prioritize genotype analysis to identify parent plants carrying desirable traits—whether for cannabinoid profiles, terpene production, yield, or disease resistance. Genotype data forms the foundation of stable, true-breeding cultivars and hybrid crosses.

Breeders use genotype testing (via molecular markers and pedigree tracking) to select parents with complementary genetic profiles, predict segregation ratios in F1 and F2 generations, and accelerate the stabilization of desired traits. Understanding genotype helps distinguish between apparent traits caused by environment versus true genetic inheritance.