Secondary Metabolism

Secondary metabolism refers to the biochemical processes plants use to produce compounds beyond primary growth and reproduction—including cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids in cannabis. These metabolites are synthesized in specialized tissues and accumulate over the plant's lifecycle, influenced by genetics, environmental stress, light exposure, and nutrient availability. In cannabis breeding, secondary metabolite production is a key selection trait, as these compounds contribute to the plant's chemical profile. Understanding secondary metabolism helps breeders predict and stabilize terpene expression, cannabinoid ratios, and phenotypic consistency across generations. Environmental factors like UV exposure, temperature fluctuation, and soil mineral content can trigger or suppress secondary metabolism pathways.

Breeders often select for robust secondary metabolism as a marker of phenotypic stability and chemical expression. Lineages bred for high terpene or cannabinoid output typically show consistent secondary metabolism under controlled cultivation, making it a valuable indicator for line-breeding and hybrid stability.