Secondary Metabolism

Secondary metabolism refers to the biochemical pathways in cannabis plants that produce compounds beyond primary growth functions—including cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. These metabolites accumulate primarily in trichomes and leaf tissues, and their production is influenced by genetics, environment, and plant maturity. Secondary metabolism is distinct from primary metabolism (photosynthesis, respiration), though the two systems share precursor molecules. Understanding secondary metabolism is fundamental to cannabis breeding, as it directly shapes the chemical profile breeders select for across generations. Lineage records frequently report variation in secondary metabolite expression even within identical genotypes, highlighting how environmental factors interact with genetic potential.

Breeders working in secondary metabolism focus on selecting parent plants with desirable terpene and cannabinoid profiles, then stabilizing trait expression across offspring. Marker-assisted selection and phenotypic testing help identify plants with consistent secondary metabolite production before breeding decisions are made.