Phytochemistry Basics

Phytochemistry encompasses the chemical compounds naturally produced by cannabis plants, including cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other secondary metabolites. These compounds develop through complex biochemical pathways influenced by genetics, environmental conditions, and growth stage. Understanding phytochemistry is foundational to cannabis breeding, as breeders select for specific compound profiles rather than effects or outcomes. Documentation of cannabinoid and terpene ratios—such as THC:CBD ratios or dominant terpene expression—provides objective markers for strain characterization. Phytochemical analysis has become standard in regulated markets, enabling breeders to make informed selections based on measurable chemistry rather than subjective claims.

Breeders use phytochemical data to identify parents with desired compound profiles, establish breeding goals, and verify offspring chemistry across generations. Genetic markers linked to specific terpenes or cannabinoid pathways help accelerate selection for consistent phytochemical expression in new cultivars.