Monoterpene Synthases

Monoterpene synthases are enzymes that catalyze the formation of monoterpenes—the volatile C10 hydrocarbons responsible for much of cannabis's aromatic profile. These proteins convert geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) into various monoterpene structures through cyclization and rearrangement reactions. Common monoterpene synthase products in cannabis include limonene synthase, myrcene synthase, and pinene synthase, each producing distinct volatile compounds. The expression and activity of monoterpene synthases vary significantly across cultivars and are developmentally regulated, with peak expression often occurring during late flower maturation. Understanding these enzymatic pathways is fundamental to breeding efforts targeting specific terpene phenotypes and aroma profiles.

Breeders working with monoterpene synthase activity can selectively propagate plants showing desired volatile profiles by identifying parental genotypes with favorable enzyme expression patterns. Genetic markers targeting monoterpene synthase genes have become increasingly relevant in modern breeding programs seeking consistent, reproducible terpene profiles across generations.