Genotype Definition

Genotype refers to the complete genetic makeup of a cannabis plant—the underlying DNA instructions inherited from parent plants. It contrasts with phenotype, which is the physical expression of those genes in a specific environment. Understanding genotype is foundational in cannabis breeding, as it determines what traits can be passed to offspring and which characteristics remain latent. Breeders work with genotype to predict and stabilize desirable traits across generations, even though the same genotype may express differently under varying grow conditions, nutrients, or light cycles. Accurate genotype identification requires molecular testing or multi-generational observation rather than visual inspection alone.

Breeders select parent plants based on favorable genotypes to increase the probability of desired traits in offspring. Knowing a plant's genotype—rather than relying solely on its phenotype—allows breeders to make informed crosses and stabilize lines with consistent cannabinoid profiles, growth patterns, and aroma compounds across multiple generations.