Genotype

Genotype refers to the complete genetic makeup of a cannabis plant—the underlying DNA code inherited from parent plants, distinct from observable physical traits (phenotype). In cannabis breeding, understanding genotype is fundamental because identical genetic material can express differently depending on environmental conditions, making genotype the stable blueprint breeders work with across generations. Breeders document genotypes through pedigree records, marker testing, and selective crossing to establish stable lineages. Genotype classifications help breeders predict trait inheritance patterns, stabilize desired characteristics, and communicate genetic relationships across breeding programs. Unlike phenotype, which changes with light, temperature, and soil, genotype remains constant and determines what traits are *possible* to express.

Breeders use genotype documentation to make informed crosses, identify recessive traits carriers, and establish F1, F2, and stabilized lines with predictable offspring. Knowing genotype helps breeders select parents most likely to produce desired cannabinoid profiles, terpene combinations, and plant structure across multiple grows.