Chromosomal Sex Determination

Chromosomal sex determination in cannabis refers to the genetic mechanism by which male and female plants are distinguished at the DNA level. Cannabis typically exhibits an XY sex determination system, where males carry XY chromosomes and females carry XX chromosomes, though hermaphroditic expression and sex reversal can occur under environmental stress or through breeding manipulation. Understanding this fundamental genetic architecture is essential for breeders seeking to stabilize dioecious lines, produce feminized seeds, or develop photoperiod-independent flowering traits. Research into sex-linked markers has enabled modern seed producers to identify sex earlier in plant development and select breeding stock with greater precision.

Breeders working with sex determination focus on stabilizing female-only lines through marker-assisted selection and on understanding how environmental factors trigger hermaphroditism. Knowledge of sex chromosomes underpins feminized seed production techniques and helps breeders maintain genetic stability across generations.